Մասնակից:Avagyanasya/Ավազարկղ

Եգիպտոսի տասնութերորդ արքայատոհմ (անգլ.՝ Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, գրվում է նաև Արքայատոհմ XVIII, այլընտրանքային ձևով՝ 18-րդ արքայատոհմ կամ Արքայատոհմ 18), Եգիպտոսի նոր թագավորության առաջին արքայատոհմ, որի ժամանակաշրջանում Հին Եգիպտոսը հասել է իր հզորության գագաթնակետին: Տասնութերորդ արքայատոհմն ընդգրկել է մ․թ․ա․ 1550/1549 - 1292 թվականները։ Հայտնի է նաև որպես Թութմոսների արքայատոհմ՝ ի պատիվ Թութմոս անունով չորս փարավոնների։

Եգիպտոսի ամենահայտնի փարավոններից մի քանիսը պատկանել են տասնութերորդ արքայատոհմին, այդ թվում՝ Թութանհամոնը, որի դամբարանը 1922 թվականին հայտնաբերել է Հովարդ Քարթերը։ Այս արքայատոհմի ներկայացուցիչ այլ փարավոններից են՝ ամենաերկար իշխած կին-փարավոն Հատշեպսուտը (մ․թ․ա․ մոտավորապես 1479 –1458 թվականներ) և «հերետիկոս փարավոն» Էխնաթոնը (մ․թ․ա․ մոտավորապես 1353–1336 թվականներ) իր մեծ թագուհի Նեֆերտիտիի հետ։ Եգիպտական մյուս արքայատոհմերի մեջ տասնութերորդ արքայատոհմը եզակի է նրանով, որ ունեցել է երկու կին-փարավոն՝ Հատշեպսուտը, որը համարվում է Հին Եգիպտոսի ամենանորարար կառավարիչներից մեկը, և Նեֆերնեֆրուատոնը, որը սովորաբար նույնացվում է Նեֆերտիտիի հետ։

Պատմություն

Վաղ շրջանի XVIII արքայատոհմ

Ահմոս-Նեֆերտարի․ եղել է 17-րդ արքայատոհմի փարավոն Սեքենենրե Տաո II-ի դուստրը։ Նրա հայրն ապստամբել է Հիքսոսների դեմ։ Ահմոս-Նեֆերտարիի եղբայր Ահմոսը քշել է Հիքսոսներին, ու նրա քույրը դարձել է միացյալ Եգիպտոսի թագուհի։ Մահից հետո աստվածացվել է ։

Վաղ շրջանի տասնութերորդ արքայատոհմի փարավոնի գլուխ, մ․թ․ա․ մոտավորապես 1539–1493 թվականներ, 37.38E, Բրուքլինի թանգարան

Dynasty XVIII was founded by Ahmose I, the brother or son of Kamose, the last ruler of the 17th Dynasty. Ahmose finished the campaign to expel the Hyksos rulers. His reign is seen as the end of the Second Intermediate Period and the start of the New Kingdom. Ahmose's consort, Queen Ahmose-Nefertari was "arguably the most venerated woman in Egyptian history, and the grandmother of the 18th Dynasty." She was deified after she died. Ahmose was succeeded by his son, Amenhotep I, whose reign was relatively uneventful.

Amenhotep I probably left no male heir and the next pharaoh, Thutmose I, seems to have been related to the royal family through marriage. During his reign the borders of Egypt's empire reached their greatest expanse, extending in the north to Carchemish on the Euphrates and in the south up to Kurgus beyond the fourth cataract of the Nile. Thutmose I was succeeded by Thutmose II and his queen, Hatshepsut, who was the daughter of Thutmose I. After her husband's death and a period of regency for her minor stepson (who would later become pharaoh as Thutmose III) Hatshepsut became pharaoh in her own right and ruled for over twenty years.

Thutmose III, who became known as the greatest military pharaoh ever, also had a lengthy reign after becoming pharaoh. He had a second co-regency in his old age with his son Amenhotep II. Amenhotep II was succeeded by Thutmose IV, who in his turn was followed by his son Amenhotep III, whose reign is seen as a high point in this dynasty.

Amenhotep III's reign was a period of unprecedented prosperity, artistic splendor, and international power, as attested by over 250 statues (more than any other pharaoh) and 200 large stone scarabs discovered from Syria to Nubia. Amenhotep III undertook large scale building programmes, the extent of which can only be compared with those of the much longer reign of Ramesses II during Dynasty XIX. Amenhotep III's consort was the Great Royal wife Tiye, for whom he built an artificial lake, as described on eleven scarabs.

Էխնաթոն, Ամառնայի ժամանակաշրջան և Թութանհամոն

Աթոնը

Էխնաթոնն ու իր ընտանիքը Աթոնին երկրպագելիս։ Ձախից երկրորդը Մերիթաթոնն է՝ Էխնաթոնի դուստրը։

Amenhotep III may have shared the throne for up to twelve years with his son Amenhotep IV. There is much debate about this proposed co-regency, with different experts considering that there was a lengthy co-regency, a short one, or none at all.

In the fifth year of his reign, Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaten (ꜣḫ-n-jtn, "Effective for the Aten") and moved his capital to Amarna, which he named Akhetaten. During the reign of Akhenaten, the Aten (jtn, the sun disk) became, first, the most prominent deity, and eventually came to be considered the only god. Whether this amounted to true monotheism continues to be the subject of debate within the academic community. Some state that Akhenaten created a monotheism, while others point out that he merely suppressed a dominant solar cult by the assertion of another, while he never completely abandoned several other traditional deities.

Later Egyptians considered this "Amarna Period" an unfortunate aberration. After his death, Akhenaten was succeeded by two short-lived pharaohs, Smenkhkare and Neferneferuaten, of which little is known. In 1334 Akhenaten's son, Tutankhaten, ascended to the throne: shortly after, he restored Egyptian polytheist cult and subsequently changed his name in Tutankhamun, in honor to the Egyptian god Amun. His infant daughters, 317a and 317b mummies, represent the final genetically-related generation of the Eighteenth Dynasty.

Էյե և Հորեմհեբ

Էյեի արձանը, մ․թ․ա․ մոտավորապես 1336–1327 թվականներ, 66.174.1, Բրուքլինի թանգարան

The last two members of the Eighteenth Dynasty—Ay and Horemheb—became rulers from the ranks of officials in the royal court, although Ay might also have been the maternal uncle of Akhenaten as a fellow descendant of Yuya and Tjuyu.

Ay may have married the widowed Great Royal Wife and young half-sister of Tutankhamun, Ankhesenamun, in order to obtain power; she did not live long afterward. Ay then married Tey, who was originally Nefertiti's wet-nurse.

Ay's reign was short. His successor was Horemheb, a general during Tutankhamun's reign whom the pharaoh may have intended as his successor in the event that he had no surviving children, which came to pass. Horemheb may have taken the throne away from Ay in a coup d'état. Although Ay's son or stepson Nakhtmin was named as his father/stepfather's Crown Prince, Nakhtmin seems to have died during the reign of Ay, leaving the opportunity for Horemheb to claim the throne next.

Horemheb also died without surviving children, having appointed his vizier, Pa-ra-mes-su, as his heir. This vizier ascended the throne in 1292 BC as Ramesses I, and was the first pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty.

This example to the right depicts a man named Ay who achieved the exalted religious positions of Second Prophet of Amun and High Priest of Mut at Thebes. His career flourished during the reign of Tutankhamun, when the statue was made. The cartouches of King Ay, Tutankhamun's successor appearing on the statue, were an attempt by an artisan to "update" the sculpture.

Հարաբերություններ Նուբիայի հետ

The Eighteenth Dynasty empire conquered all of Lower Nubia under Thutmose I. By the reign of Thutmose III, the Egyptians controlled Nubia to the Nile river, 4th cataract (rapids). The Egyptians referred to the area as Kush and it was administered by the Viceroy of Kush. The 18th dynasty obtained Nubian gold, animal skins, ivory, ebony, cattle, and horses, which were of exceptional quality. The Egyptians built temples throughout Nubia. One of the largest and most important temples was dedicated to amun at Jebel Barkal in the city of Napata. This Temple of Amun was enlarged by later Egyptian and Nubian Pharaohs, such as Taharqa.

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  Նուբիացիները հարգանքի տուրք են մատուցում փարավոնին, Հույի դամբարան, MET DT221112
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  Նուբիացի արքայազն Հեքանեֆերը հարգանքի տուրք է մատուցում Թութանհամոնին, 18-րդ արքայատոհմ, Հույի դամբարան
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  Նուբիացիները հարգանքի տուրք են մատուցում Թութանհամոնին, Հույի դամբարան

Հարաբերություններ Մերձավոր Արևելքի հետ

After the end of the Hyksos period of foreign rule, the Eighteenth Dynasty engaged in a vigorous phase of expansionism, conquering vast areas of the Near-East, with especially Pharaoh Thutmose III submitting the "Shasu" Bedouins of northern Canaan, and the land of Retjenu, as far as Syria and Mittani in numerous military campaigns circa 1450 BC.

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  Եգիպտական ցայտաքանդակ, որը պատկերում է պայքար արևմտյան ասիացիների դեմ: Ամենհոտեպ II-ի ժամանակաշրջան, տասնութերորդ արքայատոհմ, մ․թ․ա․ մոտավորապես 1427–1400 թվականներ։
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  Արևմտա-ասիացի հարգանքի տուրք մատուցողները Սոբեկհոտեպի դամբարանում, մ․թ․ա․ մոտավորապես 1400 թվական, Թեբե։ Բրիտանական թանգարան։

Թվագրում

Radiocarbon dating suggests that Dynasty XVIII may have started a few years earlier than the conventional date of 1550 BC. The radiocarbon date range for its beginning is 1570–1544 BC, the mean point of which is 1557 BC.

18-րդ արքայատոհմի փարավոններ

Հիմնական հոդված՝ Փարավոնների ցանկ

Տե՛ս նաև՝ Եգիպտոսի տասնութերորդ արքայատոհմի տոհմածառ

The pharaohs of Dynasty XVIII ruled for approximately 250 years (c. 1550–1298 BC). The dates and names in the table are taken from Dodson and Hilton. Many of the pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings in Thebes (designated KV). More information can be found on the Theban Mapping Project website. Several diplomatic marriages are known for the New Kingdom. These daughters of foreign kings are often only mentioned in cuneiform texts and are not known from other sources. The marriages were likely to have been a way to confirm good relations between these states.

Փարավոն	Պատկեր	Գահի անուն	Կառավարում	Հուղարկավորվել է	Կին (Կանայք)/Ամուսին	Մեկնաբանություն
Ահմոս I / Ահմոսիս I		Nebpehtire	1549–1524 BC		Ahmose-Nefertari Ahmose-Henuttamehu Ahmose-Sitkamose
Ամենհոտեպ I		Djeserkare	1524–1503 BC	KV39? or Tomb ANB?	Ahmose-Meritamon
Թութմոս I		Aakheperkare	1503–1493 BC	KV20, KV38	Ahmose Mutnofret
Թութմոս II		Aakheperenre	1493–1479 BC	KV42?	Hatshepsut Iset
Հատշեպսուտ		Maatkare	1479–1458 BC	KV20	Thutmose II
Թութմոս III		Menkheper(en)re	1479–1425 BC	KV34	Satiah Merytre-Hatshepsut Nebtu Menhet, Menwi and Merti
Ամենհոտեպ II		Aakheperure	1427–1397 BC	KV35	Tiaa
Թութմոս IV		Menkheperure	1397–1388 BC	KV43	Nefertari Iaret Mutemwiya Daughter of Artatama I of Mitanni
Ամենհոտեպ III		Nebmaatre	1388–1351 BC	KV22	Tiye Gilukhipa of Mitanni Tadukhipa of Mitanni Sitamun Iset Daughter of Kurigalzu I of Babylon Daughter of Kadashman-Enlil of Babylon Daughter of Tarhundaradu of Arzawa Daughter of the ruler of Ammia
Ամենհոտեպ IV/Էխնաթոն		Neferkepherure-Waenre	1351–1334 BC	Royal Tomb of Akhenaten	Nefertiti Kiya Tadukhipa of Mitanni Daughter of Šatiya, ruler of Enišasi Meritaten? Meketaten? Ankhesenamun Daughter of Burna-Buriash II, King of Babylon
Սմենխքարե		Ankhkheperure	1335–1334 BC		Մերիթաթոն
Նեֆերնեֆերուատեն		Ankhkheperure	1334–1332 BC		Akhenaten? Smenkhkare?	Սովորաբար նույնացվում է թագուհի Նեֆերտիտիի հետ
Թութանհամոն		Nebkheperure	1332–1323 BC	KV62	Անխեսենամուն
Էյե		Kheperkheperure	1323–1319 BC	KV23	Ankhesenamun Tey
Հորեմհեբ		Djeserkheperure-Setepenre	1319–1292 BC	KV57	Mutnedjmet Amenia

18-րդ արքայատոհմի ժամանակագրություն

Պատկերասրահ

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  Trial piece showing a head of an unknown king in profile. Uraeus on forehead. Limestone relief. 18th Dynasty. From Thebes, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
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  Ahmose I. Though he was called the founder of the 18th dynasty, he was the brother of Kamose, the last pharaoh of the 17th dynasty. During his reign, he expelled the Hyksos from Lower Egypt and brought the Nile Delta under his control, politically unifying Egypt once again.
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  Amenhotep I gained the throne after his two elder brothers had died. He was the son of Ahmose and Ahmose-Nefertari. He was succeeded by Thutmose I who married his daughter, Ahmose.
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  Amenhotep I with his mother, Ahmose-Nefertari. Both royals are credited with opening a workmen's village at Deir el-Medina. Dier el-Medina housed the artisans and workers of the pharaohs tombs in the Valley of the Kings, from the 18th to 21st dynasties. Amenhotep I and his mother were deified and were the village's principal gods.
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  Thutmose I. A military man, he came to power by marrying the sister of Amenhotep I. During his reign, he pushed the borders of Egypt into Nubia and the Levant. He is credited with the starting the building projects in what is now the temple of Karnak.
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  Sketch from temple relief of Thutmose II. Considered a weak ruler, he was married to his sister Hatshepsut. He named Thutmose III, his son as successor to prevent Hatshepsut from gaining the throne. They had a daughter, Neferure.
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  Hatshepsut. Daughter of Thutmose I, she ruled jointly as her stepson Thutmose III's co-regent. She soon took the throne for herself, and declared herself pharaoh. While there may have been other female rulers before her, she is the only one who used the symbolic beard.
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  Thutmosis III, a military man and member of the Thutmosid royal line is commonly called the "Napoleon of Egypt". His conquests of the Levant brought Egypt's territories and influence to its greatest extent.
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  Amenhotep II.
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  Thutmose IV.
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  Amenhotep III.
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  Akhenaten, born Amenhotep IV, began a religious revolution in which he declared Aten was a supreme god and turned his back on the old traditions. He moved the capital to Akhetaten.
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  Queen Nefertiti the daughter of Ay, married Akhenaten. Her role in daily life at the court soon extended from Great Royal Wife to that of a co-regent. It is also possible that she may have ruled Egypt in her own right as pharaoh Neferneferuaten.
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  Queen Meritaten, was the eldest daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti. She was the wife of Smenkhkare. She also may have ruled Egypt in her own right as pharaoh and is one of the possible candidates of being the pharaoh Neferneferuaten.
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  Neferneferure and Neferneferuaten Tasherit. Shown here as children, they were two of six daughters born to Akhenaten and Nefertiti. It is possible that Neferneferuaten Tasherit was the one who may have been her father's co-regent and may have ruled as the female pharaoh, Neferneferuaten.
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  Smenkhkare, was a co-regent of Akhenaten who ruled after his death. It was believed that Smenkhkare was a male guise of Nefertiti, however, it is accepted that Smenkhkare was a male. He took Meritaten, Queen Nefertiti's daughter as his wife.
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  Tutankhamun, formerly Tutankhaten, was Akhenaten's son. As pharaoh, he instigated policies to restore Egypt to its old religion and moved the capital away from Akhetaten.
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  Ay served as vizier to Akhenaten, and Tutankhamun. He was the father of Nefertiti. After the death of Tutankhamun, Ay laid a claim to the throne by burying him and marrying his granddaughter Ankhesenamun.
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  After the death of Ay, Horemheb assumed the throne. A commoner, he had served as vizier to both Tutankhamun and Ay. Horemheb instigated a policy of damnatio memoriae, against everyone associated with the Amarna period. He was married to Nefertiti's sister, Mutnodjmet, who died in childbirth. With no heir, he appointed his own vizier, Paramessu as his successor.
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  Tiye was the daughter of the visizer Yuya. She married Amenhotep III, and became his principal wife. Her knowledge of government helped her gain power in her position and she was soon running affairs of state and foreign affairs for her husband, Amenhotep III and later her son, Akhenaten. She is also Tutankhamun's grandmother.
• Senenu, High Priest of Amūn at Deir El-Baḥri, grinding grain, c. 1352–1292 BC, Limestone, Brooklyn Museum.
  Senenu, High Priest of Amūn at Deir El-Baḥri, grinding grain, c. 1352–1292 BC, Limestone, Brooklyn Museum.
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  Beautiful Festival of the Valley (Celebration of the dead in Thebes)

Տես նաև

• Հին Եգիպտոսի ժամանակագրություն

Գրականություն

• Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). The Ancient Near East: c. 3000–330 BC. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415013536.

Արտաքին հղումներ

• Hatshepsut: from Queen to Pharaoh, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF)

Մեդիա ֆայլեր

Վիքիպահեստ նախագծում կարող եք այս նյութի վերաբերյալ հավելյալ պատկերազարդում գտնել Avagyanasya/Ավազարկղ կատեգորիայում։