Մասնակից:Լիանա Դաղբաշյան 1999/Ավազարկղ
Ինքնուրույն ուսուցում
[խմբագրել | խմբագրել կոդը]Ինքնակրթությունը ինքնուրույն ուսուցումն է։ Մարդը կարող է սկսել զբաղվել ինքնակրթությամբ իր կյանքի ցանկացած փուլում։ Աբրահամ Լինքոլնը (ԱՄՆ նախագահ), Սրինիվասա Ռամանուջանը (մաթեմատիկոս), Մայքլ Ֆարադեյը (քիմիկոս), Չարլզ Դարվինը (բնապահպան), Թոմաս Ալվա Էդիսոնը (գյուտարար), Թադաո Անդոն (ճարտարապետ), Ջորջ Բերնարդ Շոուն (թատերագիր), Ֆրենկ Զապպան (կոմպոզիտոր, ձայնագրման ռեժիսոր, կինոռեժիսոր) և Լեոնարդո դա Վինչին (ինջեներ, գիտնական, մաթեմատիկոս) նշանավոր ինքնուսներ են[փա՞ստ]։
Ապացույցների վրա հիմնված կրթություն
[խմբագրել | խմբագրել կոդը]
Evidence-based education is the use of well designed scientific studies to determine which education methods work best. It consists of evidence-based teaching and evidence-based learning. Evidence-based learning methods such as spaced repetition can increase rate of learning.[1] The evidence-based education movement has its roots in the larger movement towards evidence-based-practices.[փա՞ստ]
Open education and electronic technology
[խմբագրել | խմբագրել կոդը]Many large university institutions are now starting to offer free or almost free full courses such as Harvard, MIT and Berkeley teaming up to form edX. Other universities offering open education are prestigious private universities such as Stanford, Princeton, Duke, Johns Hopkins, the University of Pennylvania, and Caltech, as well as notable public universities including Tsinghua, Peking, Edinburgh, University of Michigan, and University of Virginia.
Open education has been called the biggest change in the way people learn since the printing press.[2] Despite favourable studies on effectiveness, many people may still desire to choose traditional campus education for social and cultural reasons.[3]
Many open universities are working to have the ability to offer students standardized testing and traditional degrees and credentials.[4]
The conventional merit-system degree is currently not as common in open education as it is in campus universities, although some open universities do already offer conventional degrees such as the Open University in the United Kingdom. Presently, many of the major open education sources offer their own form of certificate. Due to the popularity of open education, these new kind of academic certificates are gaining more respect and equal "academic value" to traditional degrees.[5]
Out of 182 colleges surveyed in 2009 nearly half said tuition for online courses was higher than for campus-based ones.[6]
A recent meta-analysis found that online and blended educational approaches had better outcomes than methods that used solely face-to-face interaction.[7]
Development goals
[խմբագրել | խմբագրել կոդը]
ChimomboԿաղապար:Who pointed out education's role as a policy instrument, capable of instilling social change and economic advancement in developing countries by giving communities the opportunity to take control of their destinies.[8] The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in September 2015, calls for a new vision to address the environmental, social and economic concerns facing the world today. The Agenda includes 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDG 4 on education.[9][10]
Since 1909, the percentage of children in the developing world attending school has increased. Before then, a small minority of boys attended school. By the start of the twenty-first century, the majority of children in most regions of the world attended school.[փա՞ստ]
Universal Primary Education is one of the eight international Millennium Development Goals, towards which progress has been made in the past decade, though barriers still remain.[11] Securing charitable funding from prospective donors is one particularly persistent problem. Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute have indicated that the main obstacles to funding for education include conflicting donor priorities, an immature aid architecture, and a lack of evidence and advocacy for the issue.[11] Additionally, Transparency International has identified corruption in the education sector as a major stumbling block to achieving Universal Primary Education in Africa.[12] Furthermore, demand in the developing world for improved educational access is not as high as foreigners have expected. Indigenous governments are reluctant to take on the ongoing costs involved. There is also economic pressure from some parents, who prefer their children to earn money in the short term rather than work towards the long-term benefits of education.[փա՞ստ]
A study conducted by the UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning indicates that stronger capacities in educational planning and management may have an important spill-over effect on the system as a whole.[13] Sustainable capacity development requires complex interventions at the institutional, organizational and individual levels that could be based on some foundational principles:[13]
- national leadership and ownership should be the touchstone of any intervention;
- strategies must be context relevant and context specific;
- plans should employ an integrated set of complementary interventions, though implementation may need to proceed in steps;
- partners should commit to a long-term investment in capacity development while working towards some short-term achievements;
- outside intervention should be conditional on an impact assessment of national capacities at various levels;
- a certain percentage of students should be removed for improvisation of academics (usually practiced in schools, after 10th grade).
Internationalization
[խմբագրել | խմբագրել կոդը]Nearly every country now has universal primary education.
Similarities – in systems or even in ideas – that schools share internationally have led to an increase in international student exchanges. The European Socrates-Erasmus Programme[14] facilitates exchanges across European universities. The Soros Foundation[15] provides many opportunities for students from central Asia and eastern Europe. Programs such as the International Baccalaureate have contributed to the internationalization of education. The global campus online, led by American universities, allows free access to class materials and lecture files recorded during the actual classes.
The Programme for International Student Assessment and the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement objectively monitor and compare the proficiency of students from a wide range of different nations.
The internationalization of education is sometimes equated by critics with the westernization of education. These critics say that the internationalization of education leads to the erosion of local education systems and indigenous values and norms, which are replaced with Western systems and cultural and ideological values and orientation.[16]
- ↑ Smolen, Paul; Zhang, Yili; Byrne, John H. (25 January 2016). «The right time to learn: mechanisms and optimization of spaced learning». Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 17 (2): 77–88. doi:10.1038/nrn.2015.18. PMC 5126970. PMID 26806627.
- ↑ «Free courses provided by Harvard, MIT, Berkeley, Stanford, Princeton, Duke, Johns Hopkins, Edinburgh, U.Penn, U. Michigan, U. Virginia, U. Washington». Neurobonkers.com. 2 August 2012. Վերցված է 2012-10-24-ին.
- ↑ Harriet Swain (1 October 2012). «Will university campuses soon be 'over'?». The Guardian. London. Վերցված է 2012-10-24-ին.
- ↑ Cloete, ElsabeÂ. "Electronic Education System Model." Department of Computer Science and Information Systems in South Africa, 17 Oct. 2000. Web. 3 June 2015.
- ↑ «Is the Certificate the New College Degree?». Good.is. 8 June 2012. Վերցված է 2012-10-24-ին.
- ↑ Parry, M. (2010). «Such a Deal? Maybe Not. Online learning can cost more than traditional education». The Chronicle of Higher Education. 57 (11).
- ↑ U.S. Department of Education, Evaluation of Evidence-Based Practices in Online Learning A Meta-Analysis and Review of Online Learning Studies, 2010
- ↑ Chimombo, Joseph (2005). «Issues in Basic Education in Developing Countries: An Exploration of Policy Options for Improved Delivery» (PDF). Journal of International Cooperation in Education. 8 (1): 129–152.
- ↑ Transforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals. New York: UN. 2016.
- ↑ Cracking the code: girls' and women's education in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). Paris: UNESCO. 2017. էջ 14. ISBN 978-92-3-100233-5.
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 Liesbet Steer and Geraldine Baudienville 2010. What drives donor financing of basic education? London: Overseas Development Institute.
- ↑ Addis Ababa (23 February 2010). «Poor governance jeopardises primary education in Africa». Transparency International. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից 27 June 2010-ին. Վերցված է 2011-10-21-ին.
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 de Grauwe, A. (2009). Capacity development strategies (Report). Paris: UNESCO-IIPE. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից 5 May 2010-ին. Վերցված է 2010-10-01-ին..
- ↑ «Socrates-Erasmus Program». Erasmus.ac.uk. Վերցված է 2010-06-19-ին.
- ↑ «Soros Foundation». Soros.org. Վերցված է 2010-06-19-ին.
- ↑ Sperduti, Vanessa (2017). «Internationalization as Westernization in Higher Education» (PDF). Comparative & International Education 9 (2017). 9: 9–12. Վերցված է 2018-12-06-ին.