Մասնակից:Հովհաննիսյան Ալիսա/Ավազարկղ

Վիքիպեդիայից՝ ազատ հանրագիտարանից

Մարգարիտ Հիֆիլդ Համիլթոն (), ամերիկացի

Margaret Heafield Hamilton (born August 17, 1936) is an American computer scientist, systems engineer, and business owner. She was Director of the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which developed on-board flight software for the Apollo space program. In 1986, she founded Hamilton Technologies, Inc., in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The company was developed around the Universal Systems Language (USL) based on her paradigm of Development Before the Fact for systems and software design.

Hamilton has published over 130 papers, proceedings, and reports about the 60 projects and six major programs with which she has been involved. She is one of the people credited with coining the term "software engineering".

On November 22, 2016, Hamilton was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by US President Barack Obama for her work leading to the development of on-board flight software for NASA's Apollo Moon missions.

Early life[խմբագրել | խմբագրել կոդը]

Margaret Heafield was born on August 17, 1936, in Paoli, Indiana, to Kenneth Heafield and Ruth Esther Heafield (née Partington).[1][2] After graduating from Hancock High School in 1954,[1] she studied mathematics at the University of Michigan in 1955. She earned a BA in mathematics with a minor in philosophy from Earlham College in 1958.[3][4]

She briefly taught high school mathematics and French upon graduation to support her husband while he worked on his undergraduate degree at Harvard University. She moved to Boston, Massachusetts, with the intention of doing graduate study in abstract mathematics at Brandeis University. She cites Florence Long, the head of the math department at Earlham College, as helping with her desire to pursue abstract mathematics and become a mathematics professor.[5] She had other inspirations outside the world of technology including her father (a philosopher and poet), and her grandfather (a school headmaster and Quaker minister). She says these men inspired her to include a minor in philosophy in her studies.[6]

Career[խմբագրել | խմբագրել կոդը]

In the summer of 1959, Hamilton began working for Edward Norton Lorenz, in the meteorology department at MIT.[7] She developed software for predicting weather, programming on the LGP-30 and the PDP-1 computers at Marvin Minsky's Project MAC.[8][9][10] Her work contributed to Lorenz's publications on chaos theory. At the time, computer science and software engineering were not yet established disciplines; instead, programmers learned on the job with hands-on experience.[11] She moved on to another project in the summer of 1961, and hired and trained Ellen Fetter as her replacement.[7]

SAGE Project[խմբագրել | խմբագրել կոդը]

From 1961 to 1963, Hamilton worked on the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) Project at Lincoln Lab,[9] where she was one of the programmers who wrote software for the prototype AN/FSQ-7 computer (the XD-1) to search for unfriendly aircraft.[12] She also wrote software for a satellite tracking project at the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories.[9] The SAGE Project was an extension of Project Whirlwind, started by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), to create a computer system that could predict weather systems and track their movements using simulators. SAGE was soon developed for military use in anti-aircraft air defense from potential Soviet attacks during the Cold War. Hamilton said:

What they used to do when you came into this organization as a beginner, was to assign you this program which nobody was able to ever figure out or get to run. When I was the beginner they gave it to me as well. And what had happened was it was tricky programming, and the person who wrote it took delight in the fact that all of his comments were in Greek and Latin. So I was assigned this program and I actually got it to work. It even printed out its answers in Latin and Greek. I was the first one to get it to work.[13]

It was her efforts on this project that made her a candidate for the position at NASA as the lead developer for Apollo flight software.[1]

Draper Laboratory[խմբագրել | խմբագրել կոդը]

Hamilton in 1969, standing next to listings of the software she and her MIT team produced for the Apollo project[14]
Hamilton during her time as lead Apollo flight software designer[15]

Hamilton then joined the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory at MIT, which at the time was working on the Apollo space mission. She eventually led a team credited with developing the software for Apollo and Skylab.[16] Hamilton's team was responsible for developing in-flight software,[17] which included algorithms designed by various senior scientists for the Apollo command module, lunar lander and the subsequent Skylab.[11][18][11] Another part of her team designed and developed the systems software.[19] This included error detection and recovery software such as restarts and the Display Interface Routines (also known as the Priority Displays), which Hamilton designed and developed.[20] She worked to gain hands-on experience during a time when computer science courses were uncommon and software engineering courses did not exist.[11] Hamilton also served as Director of the Software Engineering Division.[21]

Her areas of expertise include: systems design and software development, enterprise and process modeling, development paradigm, formal systems modeling languages, system-oriented objects for systems modeling and development, automated life-cycle environments, methods for maximizing software reliability and reuse, domain analysis, correctness by built-in language properties, open-architecture techniques for robust systems, full life-cycle automation, quality assurance, seamless integration, error detection and recovery techniques, man-machine interface systems, operating systems, end-to-end testing techniques, and life-cycle management techniques.[11][14]

Apollo 11[խմբագրել | խմբագրել կոդը]

In one of the critical moments of the Apollo 11 mission, the Apollo Guidance Computer together with the on-board flight software averted an abort of the landing on the Moon. Three minutes before the lunar lander reached the Moon's surface, several computer alarms were triggered. The computer was overloaded with interrupts caused by incorrectly phased power supplied to the lander's rendezvous radar.[22][23][24] The program alarms indicated "executive overflows", meaning the guidance computer could not complete all of its tasks in real time and had to postpone some of them.[25] The asynchronous executive designed by J. Halcombe Laning[22][26] was used by Hamilton's team to develop asynchronous flight software:

Because of the flight software's system-software's error detection and recovery techniques that included its system-wide "kill and recompute" from a "safe place" restart approach to its snapshot and rollback techniques, the Display Interface Routines (AKA the priority displays) together with its man-in-the-loop capabilities were able to be created in order to have the capability to interrupt the astronauts' normal mission displays with priority displays of critical alarms in case of an emergency. This depended on our assigning a unique priority to every process in the software in order to ensure that all of its events would take place in the correct order and at the right time relative to everything else that was going on.[27]

Hamilton's priority alarm displays interrupted the astronauts' normal displays to warn them that there was an emergency "giving the astronauts a go/no go decision (to land or not to land)".[28] Jack Garman, a NASA computer engineer in mission control, recognized the meaning of the errors that were presented to the astronauts by the priority displays and shouted, "Go, go!" And they continued.[29] Paul Curto, senior technologist who nominated Hamilton for a NASA Space Act Award, called Hamilton's work "the foundation for ultra-reliable software design".[19]

Hamilton later wrote of the incident:

The computer (or rather the software in it) was smart enough to recognize that it was being asked to perform more tasks than it should be performing. It then sent out an alarm, which meant to the astronaut, 'I'm overloaded with more tasks than I should be doing at this time and I'm going to keep only the more important tasks'; i.e., the ones needed for landing ... Actually, the computer was programmed to do more than recognize error conditions. A complete set of recovery programs was incorporated into the software. The software's action, in this case, was to eliminate lower priority tasks and re-establish the more important ones ... If the computer hadn't recognized this problem and taken recovery action, I doubt if Apollo 11 would have been the successful moon landing it was.[30]
- Letter from Margaret H. Hamilton, Director of Apollo Flight Computer Programming MIT Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts[31]

Businesses[խմբագրել | խմբագրել կոդը]

From 1976 through 1984, Hamilton was the CEO of a company she co-founded with Saydean Zeldin called Higher Order Software (HOS) to further develop ideas about error prevention and fault tolerance emerging from her experience at MIT.[32] They created a product called USE.IT, based on the HOS methodology developed at MIT.[33][34][35] It was successfully used in numerous government projects.[36][37] One notable project was to formalize and implement C-IDEF, an automated version IDEF, a modeling language developed by the United States Air Force in the Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing (ICAM) project.[38]

One critical assessment contended that, apart from a few independent reviews, the HOS methodology generated little analysis except among consultants associated with the company.[39] That evaluation, conducted by a consultant for the United States Navy asserted that "the HOS literature tends to advertise their ideas and products more than making a contribution in substance to the field of Computer Science".[39] Edsgar Dijkstra described the USE.IT software as "mechanized aids for the application of obsolete techniques".[40] A detailed analysis of the HOS theory and AXES language was used by Harel to develop a derived language for a more modern form of structured programming derived from HOS called the And/Or programming language from the viewpoint of and/or subgoals.[41] Referring to Dijkstra's classic work on structured programming, Harel states: "As will become clear, the 'layers' in which the program is arranged, these being in the heart of the idea of structured programming, correspond to the levels of the tree." Harel goes on to show at that time how HOS and his derived And/Or programming language relates to mathematical logic, game theory and artificial intelligence. Others have used HOS to formalize the semantics of linguistic quantifiers.[42] and to formalize the design of reliable real-time embedded systems.[43]

Hamilton left HOS in 1985. In March 1986, she became the founder and CEO of Hamilton Technologies, Inc. in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The company was developed around the Universal Systems Language (USL) and its associated automated environment, the 001 Tool Suite, based on her paradigm of Development Before The Fact for systems design and software development.[24][44][45]

Legacy[խմբագրել | խմբագրել կոդը]

Official photo for NASA, 1989

Hamilton, Anthony Oettinger, and Barry Boehm have all been credited with naming the discipline of "software engineering".[46][47] According to Hamilton:

During this time at MIT, she wanted to give their software "legitimacy", just like with other engineering disciplines, so that it (and those building it) would be given its due respect; and, as a result she made up the term "software engineering" to distinguish it from other kinds of engineering.[12]

Hamilton details how she came to make up the term "software engineering":

When I first came up with the term, no one had heard of it before, at least in our world. It was an ongoing joke for a long time. They liked to kid me about my radical ideas. It was a memorable day when one of the most respected hardware gurus explained to everyone in a meeting that he agreed with me that the process of building software should also be considered an engineering discipline, just like with hardware. Not because of his acceptance of the new 'term' per se, but because we had earned his and the acceptance of the others in the room as being in an engineering field in its own right.[27]

When Hamilton started using the term "software engineering" during the early Apollo missions,[48][49] software development was not taken seriously compared to other engineering,[50] nor was it regarded as a science. Over time the term "software engineering" has gained the same respect as any other technical discipline.[51][46] The IEEE Software September/October 2018 issue celebrates the 50th anniversary of software engineering.[52] Hamilton talks about "Errors" and how they influenced her work related to software engineering and how her language, USL, could be used to prevent the majority of "Errors" in a system.[53] Writing in Wired, Robert McMillan noted: "At MIT she assisted in the creation of the core principles in computer programming as she worked with her colleagues in writing code for the world's first portable computer".[54] Hamilton's innovations go beyond the feats of playing an important role in getting humans to the moon. According to Wired's Karen Tegan Padir: "She, along with that other early programming pioneer, CoBOL inventor Grace Hopper, also deserve tremendous credit for helping to open the door for more women to enter and succeed in STEM fields like software."[55][56]

Awards[խմբագրել | խմբագրել կոդը]

Honoris Causa ceremony of Margaret Hamilton

Personal life[խմբագրել | խմբագրել կոդը]

Hamilton met her first husband, James Cox Hamilton, while at Earlham College, where she was the homecoming queen and he was the class president.[66] They married in the late 1950s after Hamilton earned her bachelor's degree.[66] James Hamilton was a lawyer and also served on the board of the American Civil Liberties Union.[66] The couple had a daughter, Lauren. When she was very young, Lauren often accompanied her mother to the lab on weekends, where she napped on the office floor while her mother programmed routines that would ultimately be added to the Apollo's command module computer.[54] The couple eventually divorced.[66]Կաղապար:When

Publications[խմբագրել | խմբագրել կոդը]

  • M. Hamilton (1994), "Inside Development Before the Fact," cover story, Special Editorial Supplement, 8ES-24ES. Electronic Design, Apr. 1994.
  • M. Hamilton (1994), "001: A Full Life Cycle Systems Engineering and Software Development Environment," cover story, Special Editorial Supplement, 22ES-30ES. Electronic Design, Jun. 1994.
  • M. Hamilton, Hackler, W. R.. (2004), "Deeply Integrated Guidance Navigation Unit (DI-GNU) Common Software Architecture Principles", (revised December 29, 2004), DAAAE30-02-D-1020 and DAAB07-98-D-H502/0180, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, 2003–2004.
  • M. Hamilton and W. R. Hackler (2007), "Universal Systems Language for Preventative Systems Engineering", Proc. 5th Ann. Conf. Systems Eng. Res. (CSER), Stevens Institute of Technology, Mar. 2007, paper #36.
  • M. Hamilton and W. R. Hackler (2007), "A Formal Universal Systems Semantics for SysML", 17th Annual International Symposium, INCOSE 2007, San Diego, CA, Jun. 2007.
  • M. Hamilton and W. R. Hackler (2008), "Universal Systems Language: Lessons Learned from Apollo", IEEE Computer, Dec. 2008.

See also[խմբագրել | խմբագրել կոդը]

References[խմբագրել | խմբագրել կոդը]

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Welch, Rosanne; Lamphier, Peg A., eds. (February 28, 2019). Technical Innovation in American History: An Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (անգլերեն). Vol. 3. ABC-CLIO. էջ 62. ISBN 978-1-61069-094-2.
  2. ↑ «Ruth Esther Heafield». Tributes.com. Wujek-Calcaterra & Sons. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից December 16, 2014-ին. Վերցված է December 15, 2014-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 «2009 Outstanding Alumni and Distinguished Service Awards». Earlham College. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից May 18, 2015-ին. Վերցված է December 15, 2014-ին.
  4. ↑ «Pioneers in Computer Science». Utah State University. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից September 17, 2016-ին. Վերցված է May 25, 2019-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  5. ↑ «The Woman Who Taught Me – Margaret Hamilton MAKERS Moment». MAKERS (ամերիկյան անգլերեն). Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից May 25, 2019-ին. Վերցված է May 6, 2019-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  6. ↑ «Margaret Hamilton: The Untold Story of the Woman Who Took Us to the Moon». Futurism (ամերիկյան անգլերեն). July 20, 2016. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից December 20, 2016-ին. Վերցված է December 12, 2016-ին. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Sokol, Joshua (May 20, 2019). «The Hidden Heroines of Chaos». quantamagazine.org. Վերցված է May 25, 2019-ին.
  8. ↑ Lorenz, Edward (March 1962). «The Statistical Prediction of Solutions» (PDF). The Meteorological Society of Japan.
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 Wayne, Tiffany K. (2011). American Women of Science Since 1900. ABC-CLIO. էջեր 480–82. ISBN 978-1-59884-158-9. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից March 17, 2015-ին. Վերցված է April 29, 2016-ին. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  10. ↑ Levy, Steven (1984). Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. Doubleday. էջեր Chapter 5:The Midnight Computer Wiring Society. ISBN 0-385-19195-2.
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 11,4 «About Margaret Hamilton». klabs.org. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից December 6, 2010-ին. Վերցված է May 25, 2019-ին.
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Spicer, Dan. «2017 CHM Fellow Margaret Hamilton». Computer History Museum. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից February 12, 2019-ին. Վերցված է February 11, 2019-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  13. ↑ «AGC – Conference 1: Margaret Hamilton's introduction». authors.library.caltech.edu. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից January 31, 2016-ին. Վերցված է December 9, 2015-ին. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (օգնություն); Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 Weinstock, Maia (August 17, 2016). «Scene at MIT: Margaret Hamilton's Apollo code». MIT News. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից August 18, 2016-ին. Վերցված է August 17, 2016-ին. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (օգնություն); Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  15. ↑ Rayl, A.J.S (October 16, 2006). «NASA Engineers and Scientists-Transforming Dreams Into Reality». 50th Magazine. NASA.
  16. ↑ «About Margaret Hamilton». NASA Office of Logic Design. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից April 27, 2017-ին. Վերցված է April 9, 2017-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  17. ↑ «NASA – NASA Engineers and Scientists-Transforming Dreams Into Reality». nasa.gov. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից June 29, 2010-ին. Վերցված է July 29, 2010-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  18. ↑ Hoag, David (September 1976). «The History of Apollo On-board Guidance, Navigation, and Control» (PDF). Charles Stark Draper Laboratory. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից (PDF) November 5, 2016-ին. Վերցված է September 10, 2016-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 Michael Braukus NASA News "NASA Honors Apollo Engineer" Արխիվացված Նոյեմբեր 24, 2010 Wayback Machine (September 3, 2003)
  20. ↑ Green, Alan (June 1967). «Keyboard and Display Program and Operation» (PDF). Charles Stark Draper Laboratory. էջ 29. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից (PDF) July 17, 2016-ին. Վերցված է September 10, 2016-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 «Margaret Hamilton 2017 Fellow». Computer History Museum. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից June 29, 2017-ին. Վերցված է June 26, 2017-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Eyles, Don. «Tales from the Lunar Module Guidance Computer». Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից July 20, 2016-ին. Վերցված է July 22, 2016-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  23. ↑ Blair-Smith, Hugh (November 7, 2011). «System integration issues in Apollo 11». IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine. 26 (11): 16–24. doi:10.1109/MAES.2011.6065654.
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 Hamilton, Margaret; Hackler, Robert (December 12, 2008). «Universal Systems Language: Lessons Learned from Apollo». IEEE Computer. 41 (12): 34–43. doi:10.1109/MC.2008.541. ISSN 1558-0814.
  25. ↑ Collins, Michael; Aldrin, Edwin E., Jr. (1975). «A Yellow Caution Light». In Cortright, Edgar M (ed.). Apollo Expeditions to the Moon. Washington, D.C.: NASA. OCLC 1623434. NASA SP-350. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից February 19, 2008-ին. Վերցված է June 13, 2013-ին. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (օգնություն); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (օգնություն); Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)CS1 սպաս․ բազմաթիվ անուններ: authors list (link) Chapter 11.4.
  26. ↑ Mindell, David A. (September 30, 2011). Digital Apollo. MIT Press. էջ 149.
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 Snyder, Lawrence and Henry, Ray Laura, "Fluency7 with Information Technology", Pearson, 0-13-444872-3
  28. ↑ Hamilton, Margaret (July 17, 2009). «Recalling the 'Giant Leap'». MIT News. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից September 15, 2016-ին. Վերցված է September 8, 2016-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  29. ↑ Lickly, Dan (July 17, 2009). «Recalling the 'Giant Leap'». MIT News. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից September 15, 2016-ին. Վերցված է September 8, 2016-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  30. ↑ Hamilton, Margaret H. (March 1, 1971). «Computer Got Loaded». Datamation (Letter). ISSN 0011-6963.
  31. ↑ Rayl, A.J.S. (2008). «NASA Engineers and Scientists-Transforming Dreams Into Reality». 50th Magazine. NASA. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից June 26, 2014-ին. Վերցված է June 9, 2014-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  32. ↑ «AGC Biography – Margaret Hamilton». authors.library.caltech.edu. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից July 25, 2011-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  33. ↑ M. Hamilton, S. Zeldin (1976) "Higher order software—A methodology for defining software" IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. SE-2, no. 1, Mar. 1976.
  34. ↑ Thompson, Arthur A.; Strickland, A. J., (1996), "Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases", McGraw-Hill Companies, 0-256-16205-0
  35. ↑ Rowena Barrett (June 1, 2004). Management, Labour Process and Software Development: Reality Bites. Routledge. էջ 42. ISBN 978-1-134-36117-5. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից March 17, 2015-ին. Վերցված է April 29, 2016-ին. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  36. ↑ M. Hamilton; S. Zeldin. Higher order software techniques applied to a space shuttle prototype program in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 19, G. Goos and J. Hartmanis, Ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 17–31, presented at Program Symp. Proc., Colloque sur la Programmation, Paris, France, April 9–11, 1974.
  37. ↑ Cohen, B. (1986). The Specification of Complex Systems. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-14400-X.
  38. ↑ Paul, Lois (October 11, 1982). «Federal User Offers Free CAD/CAM Software». Computerworld. 16 (41): 9 – via Google Books.
  39. ↑ 39,0 39,1 Huber, Hartmut (August 1987). «Higher Order Software – Evaluation and Critique» (PDF). Naval Surface Warfare Center. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից (PDF) May 7, 2016-ին. Վերցված է July 22, 2016-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  40. ↑ Dijkstra, Edsgar (April 7, 1983). «Judging "HOS" From a Distance». Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից March 5, 2016-ին. Վերցված է July 22, 2016-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  41. ↑ Harel, David (January 1980). «And/Or Programs: A New Approach to Structured Programming». ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS). ACM. 2 (1). doi:10.1145/357084.357085. ISSN 0164-0925. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից October 18, 2016-ին. Վերցված է October 14, 2016-ին – via Semantic Scholar. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  42. ↑ Cushing, Steven (1983). Abstract Control Structures. And the Semantics of Quantifiers. EACL. Pisa, Italy. doi:10.3115/980092.980093. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից October 19, 2016-ին. Վերցված է October 14, 2016-ին – via Semantic Scholar. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  43. ↑ Holland, Michael (June 1, 1997). «A Constrained Interface Refinement Method for Embedded System Design». Department of Computing, Macquarie University. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.37.7895. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (օգնություն)
  44. ↑ Krut, Robert W. (July 1993). «Integrating 001 Tool Support in Feature-Oriented Domain Analysis Methodology». Software Engineering Institute of Carnegie Mellon University. էջ 13–15. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից 2019-07-05-ին. Վերցված է May 26, 2019-ին – via Defense Technical Information Center. {{cite web}}: |chapter-url= ignored (օգնություն); Missing or empty |url= (օգնություն); Unknown parameter |chapter-title= ignored (օգնություն); Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  45. ↑ Ouyang, Meng; Golay, Michael W. (September 1995). «An Integrated Formal Approach for Developing High Quality Software for Safety-Critical Systems». Massachusetts Institute of Technology. MIT-ANP-TR-035. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից February 19, 2015-ին. Վերցված է May 26, 2019-ին – via MIT Libraries. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  46. ↑ 46,0 46,1 2018 International Conference on Software Engineering celebrating its 40th anniversary, and 50 years of Software engineering. «ICSE 2018 – Plenary Sessions – Margaret Hamilton». Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից June 3, 2018-ին. Վերցված է June 9, 2018-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)CS1 սպաս․ թվային անուններ: authors list (link)
  47. ↑ Software Magazine. «What to Know About the Scientist who Invented the Term "Software Engineering"». Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից November 24, 2018-ին. Վերցված է February 12, 2019-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  48. ↑ Rayl, A.J.S. (October 16, 2008). «NASA Engineers and Scientists-Transforming Dreams Into Reality». 50th Magazine. NASA. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից December 23, 2014-ին. Վերցված է December 27, 2014-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  49. ↑ «The NASA Heritage Of Creativity» (PDF). Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից (PDF) May 29, 2016-ին. Վերցված է July 13, 2016-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  50. ↑ «Makers:Margaret Hamilton Videos». Makers.com. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից September 5, 2017-ին. Վերցված է September 5, 2017-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  51. ↑ Verne (December 25, 2014). «Margaret Hamilton, the Engineer Who Took the Apollo to the Moon». Medium. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից April 13, 2016-ին. Վերցված է April 29, 2016-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  52. ↑ IEEE Software. «50th Anniversary of Software Engineering». Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից February 12, 2019-ին. Վերցված է February 12, 2019-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  53. ↑ Hamilton, Margaret H. (2018). «What the Errors Tell Us». IEEE Software. 35 (5): 32–37. doi:10.1109/MS.2018.290110447. ISSN 0740-7459.
  54. ↑ 54,0 54,1 McMillan, Robert (October 13, 2015). «Her code got humans on the moon – and invented software itself». Wired (ամերիկյան անգլերեն). Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից October 23, 2015-ին. Վերցված է October 20, 2015-ին. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  55. ↑ «Software — and a Woman — at the Heart of Lunar Triumph». WIRED (ամերիկյան անգլերեն). Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից May 5, 2016-ին. Վերցված է April 29, 2016-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  56. ↑ Luke Kingma. «The Women Who Put Men on the Moon». Futurism. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից July 23, 2016-ին. Վերցված է July 20, 2016-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  57. ↑ «Ada Lovelace Awards». Association for Women in Computing. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից April 14, 2016-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  58. ↑ NASA Press Release "NASA Honors Apollo Engineer" Արխիվացված Դեկտեմբեր 26, 2017 Wayback Machine (September 3, 2003)
  59. ↑ NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe has commented saying: "The concepts she and her team created became the building blocks for modern software engineering. It's an honor to recognize Ms. Hamilton for her extraordinary contributions to NASA."
  60. ↑ «President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom». whitehouse.gov. November 16, 2016. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից November 22, 2016-ին. Վերցված է June 7, 2017-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  61. ↑ «Honour for software writer on Apollo moon mission» (English). BBC News. November 23, 2016. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից November 24, 2016-ին. Վերցված է November 23, 2016-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)CS1 սպաս․ չճանաչված լեզու (link)
  62. ↑ «White House honors two of tech's female pioneers». CBS News. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից April 27, 2017-ին. Վերցված է June 7, 2017-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  63. ↑ «The 2017 Fellow Award Acceptance Speech». Computer History Museum.
  64. ↑ Science (June 22, 2017). «Women of NASA Lego toy set now on sale for $24.99». Business Insider. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից November 1, 2017-ին. Վերցված է November 1, 2017-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  65. ↑ «Investiture of scientist Margaret Hamilton as an honorary doctor of the UPC». Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. October 18, 2018. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից January 26, 2019-ին. Վերցված է January 25, 2019-ին. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)
  66. ↑ 66,0 66,1 66,2 66,3 Stickgold, Emma (August 31, 2014). «James Cox Hamilton, at 77; lawyer was quiet warrior for First Amendment». Boston Globe. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից December 16, 2014-ին. Վերցված է December 15, 2014-ին. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (օգնություն)

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