Մասնակից:Մարի Ավետիսյան/ԱվազարկղՋ

The dinar (արաբ․՝ دينار‎‎, ISO 4217 code: TND) is the national currency of Tunisia. It is subdivided into 1000 milim or millimes (ملّيم). The abbreviation DT is often used in Tunisia, although writing "dinar" after the amount is also acceptable (TND is less colloquial, and tends to be used more in financial circles); the abbreviation TD is also mentioned in a few places, but is less frequently used, given the common use of the French language in Tunisia, and the French derivation of DT (i.e., dinar tunisien).

Etymology[խմբագրել | խմբագրել կոդը]

The name "dinar" is derived from the Roman denarius, used in the Africa province, the ancient territory of Carthage, modern day Tunisia.^[1]

History[խմբագրել | խմբագրել կոդը]

The dinar was introduced in 1960, having been established as a unit of account in 1958. It replaced the franc at a rate of 1000 francs = 1 dinar. The dinar did not follow the devaluation of the French franc in 1958, thus the exchange rate peg was abandoned. Instead a peg to the United States dollar of 1 dinar = 2.38 dollars was established which was maintained until 1964, when the dinar devalued to 1 dinar = 1.90 dollars. This second rate was held until the dollar was devalued in 1971.

Tunisia had a historically low inflation. The dinar was less volatile in 2000–2010 than the currencies of its oil-importing neighbors, Egypt and Morocco. Inflation was 4.9% in fiscal year 2007–08 and 3.5% in fiscal year 2008–09.^[փա՞ստ] However, the value of the currency has been falling since then, and between 2008 and 2018, the dinar depreciated by about 55% against the U.S. dollar, from 76¢ to 34¢, and about 46% against the euro, from 55 cents to 30 cents.

Coins[խմբագրել | խմբագրել կոդը]

In 1960, aluminium 1, 2 and 5 millime and brass 10, 20, 50 and 100 millime coins were introduced. The 1 and 2 millimes were last issued in 1990 and 1983 respectively, and are no longer legal tender. In 1968, nickel Կաղապար:1/2 dinar coins were introduced, replaced by smaller, cupro-nickel pieces in 1976, when cupro-nickel 1 dinar coins were also introduced. Bimetallic 5 dinar coins were introduced in 2002.

Coins in circulation are^[2] (link included current and historic coins and banknotes)

1 millime
5 millimes
10 millimes
20 millimes
50 millimes
100 millimes
200 millimes
Կաղապար:1/2 dinar
1 dinar
2 dinars
5 dinars

It was on 26 December 2013 that the two new tridecagonal coins were introduced, 200 millimes (copper-zinc, 29 mm diameter, 1.80 mm thickness, 9.4 gr. weight) and 2 dinar (copper-nickel, 29.4 mm diameter, 1.90 mm thickness, 11.2 gr. weight).^[3]

Coins in circulation
Image	Value
	5 millimes
	10 millimes
	20 millimes
	50 millimes
	100 millimes
	200 millimes
	Կաղապար:1/2 dinar (500 millimes)
	1 dinar (1000 millimes)
	2 dinars (2000 millimes)
	5 dinars (5000 millimes)

Banknotes[խմբագրել | խմբագրել կոդը]

On 3 November 1958, banknotes were introduced by the Central Bank of Tunisia in denominations of Կաղապար:1/2, 1 and 5 dinars.^[4] The designs of these denominations were changed with a series of notes dated 1-6-1965, but issued on 3 March 1966. A 10-dinar note dated 1-6-1969 was issued on 2 January 1970. The last Կաղապար:1/2-dinar notes were dated 1973-10-15 whilst the last 1-dinar notes were dated 1980-10-15. 20-dinar notes dated 1980-10-15 were introduced on 26 December 1984. 30-dinar notes were issued between 1997 and 2011. 50-dinar notes dated 2008 were issued on 25 July 2009.^[5] On 8 November 2005, an updated version of the frequently used 10-dinar note was issued.

On 31 December 2019, all notes issued prior to 2011 were completely demonetized.^[6] Previous issues had ceased to be used for several years beforehand but were still exchangeable at the Central Bank until that date.

After the fall of the Ben Ali regime in Tunisia, a new set of banknotes was issued progressively, with a redesigned 20-dinar note issued in 2017 and a redesigned 10-dinar note issued in 2020. As of 2020, the 20 and 50 dinar notes issued 2011 and the 5 and 10 dinar notes issued 2013 are in use as well as the new series. At that time, 50 dinar notes were withdrawn when sent to the Central Bank in the course of their circulation while a new design hadn't been confirmed yet.^[7] In 2022, new banknotes of 5 and 50 dinars were introduced.^[8]^[9]

Demonetised banknotes
Պատկեր		Արժեք	Հիմնական գույն	Նկարագրություն
Երես	Հակառակ կողմ	Արժեք	Հիմնական գույն	Երես	Հակառակ կողմ
		5 dinars	Կանաչ	Հաննիբալ, Պունիկյան նավահանգիստ (Կարթագեն)	Motif commemorating the overthrow of Habib Bourguiba on 7 November 1987
		5 dinars	Բաց կանաչ	Քաղաք Կարթագեն, Կարթագենի գեներալ Հաննիբալը սաղավարտով	Carthaginian ships
		10 dinars	Կապույտ	Ibn Khaldoun	Motif commemorating the overthrow of Habib Bourguiba on 7 November 1987
		10 dinars	Կապույտ	Elissa (Dido) Instituted after the United Nations IT conference in Tunis 2006.	Sbeitla temple, satellite dish
		10 dinars	Կապույտ և դեղին	Aboul-Qacem Echebbi	Arches of Medesa Bacchia school in Tunis
		20 dinars	Մուգ մանուշակագույն	Kheireddine Et-Tounsi	Motif commemorating the overthrow of Habib Bourguiba on 7 November 1987
		20 dinars	Կարմիր, կապույտ և դեղին	Kheireddine Et-Tounsi, Ksar Ouled Soltane fortified granary in Tataouine district	L’École Sadiki (Sadiki College) building in Tunis
		30 dinars	Կանաչ, նարնջագույն	Aboul-Qacem Echebbi	Tunisian farm with goats and ”TRENTE DINARS” written above
		50 dinars	կանաչ և մուգ մանուշակագույն	Ibn Rachik, the City of Culture building	Rades bridge over ship canal to Tunis, Enfidha-Hammamet International Airport (formerly Zine el-Abidine ben Ali Airport; renamed after President el-Abidine left the country in 2011)
		50 dinars	Կանաչ, կապույտ և նարնջագույն	Ibn Rachik, Musée de la Monnaie (Currency Museum) building in Tunis	Place Gouvernement la Kasbah, central square in Tunis

Current banknotes
Image		Value	Main Color	Description
Obverse	Reverse	Value	Main Color	Obverse	Reverse
		5 dinars	Green	Slaheddine el Amami	Roman aqueducts in Zaghouan
		10 dinars	Blue	Tewhida Ben Sheikh	Berber pottery and jewelry
		20 dinars	Red	Farhat Hached	Amphitheater of El Djem
		50 dinars	Brown	Hedi Nouira	Building of the Central Bank of Tunisia

Popular nomenclature[խմբագրել | խմբագրել կոդը]

Tunisians sometimes do not use the main division, dinar, when mentioning prices of goods. Accordingly, one dinar and a half is often referred to as Կաղապար:Transliteration (literally fifteen hundred). This applies to all prices below 2 dinars. 50 dinar is often referred to as Կաղապար:Transliteration (fifty thousand). This convention is used even for higher prices, for example 70,000 dinars would be called Կաղապար:Transliteration (seventy million). "Francs" is also still heard from time to time, 1000 of them colloquially representing a single dinar. In addition to that, Tunisians tend to use the word "frank" instead of millime. For example, 100 millimes (0.1 dinars) is referred to as "miyat frank" (literally 100 franks). The word Frank originated from the French colonial era.

Currency restrictions[խմբագրել | խմբագրել կոդը]

It is a criminal offence in Tunisia to import or export dinar, as it is a closed currency.^[10] Every year, each citizen can convert into foreign currency up to 6,000 Tunisian dinars before departure from the country. Therefore, prices at duty-free shops are in convertible currencies such as euros, US dollars and British pounds. There are many converting ATMs in the country for tourists.^[11] Կաղապար:Exchange Rate