Խմբագրվում է՝ Մասնակից:GgGevorg/ավազարկղ Ա էջը

[[File:Star of life2.svg|thumb|upright|The [[Star of Life]].]]

'''Առողջությունը''' կենդանի օրգանիզմների գործառնական կամ նյութափոխանակային արդյունավետության մակարդակ է։ Մարդկանց մոտ  այն մտավոր, մարմնական և հոգևոր ընդհանուր վիճակ է, որը սովորաբար նշանակում է առանց հիվանդության, վնասվածքի կամ ցավի։ <ref>Մերիամ - Վեբսթեր [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/health ''Բառարան - "Առողջություն"'']։</ref> [[Առողջապահության համաշխարհային կազմակերպություն]]ը (ԱՀԿ) առողջությունը սահմանում է որպես «ոչ միայն հիվանդությունների և ֆիզիկական արատների բացակայություն այլև ֆիզիկական, հոգեկան և սոցիալական լիարժեք բարեկեցության վիճակ»։<ref name="WHO definition">ԱՀԿ, 1946 [http://www.who.int/bulletin/archives/80(12)981.pdf ''ԱՀԿ, առողջության սահմանումը'']</ref><ref>Ա․ Ջադա, Լ․ Օ'Գրեդի  «Ի՞նչպես պետք է սահմանել առողջությունը» ''BMJ'' 2008; 337:a2900 - http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/337/dec10_1/a2900</ref>

Առողջության քարոզումը և ամրապնդումը իրականացվում է ֆիզիկական, [[հոգեկան առողջություն|հոգեկան]] և սոցիալական բարեկեցության տարբեր համակցություններով, որոնք համատեղ կոչվում են նաև ''«առողջության եռանկյունի»''.<ref>Ջորջիայի Պետական Համալսարան։ 1998։ [http://www2.gsu.edu/~wwwche/ ''Առողջության եռանկյունու ուսումնասիրությունը''].</ref> Հետագայում՝ 1986թ․, ԱՀԿ-ի ''[[Առողջության ամրապնդման Օտտավայի խարտիա]]ն'' սահմանեց, որ առողջությունը ոչ միայն վիճակ է, այլ նաև «ամենօրյա կյանքը ապահովելու միջոց, ոչ թե ապրելու նպատակ։ Առողջությունը դրական հասկացություն է, որն ընդգծում է սոցիալական և անհատական միջոցները, ինչպես նաև ֆիզիկական ունակությունները։» <ref>ԱՀԿ [http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/index.html Առողջության ամրապնդման Օտտավայի խարտիա] Ընդունվել է Առողջության ամրապնդման առաջին միջազգային կոնֆերանսին, Օտտավա, 21.11.1986 </ref>

Մարդկանց առողջական խնդիրների կանխարգելմանն ու լուծմանն ուղղված գործունեությունն իրականցվում է առողջապահական մասնագետների կողմից։ Կենդանիների առողջության խնդիրներով զբաղվում է [[անասնաբուժություն]]ը։

==Առողջությունը պայմանավորող գործոնները==

Մարդու ապրելու պայմաններն ունեն շատ մեծ ազդեցություն առողջական վիճակի և կյանքի որակի վրա։ Ավելի ու ավելի է ընդունվում, որ առողջության պահպանումը և բարելավումը պետք է կատարվի ոչ միայն առողջագիտության զարգացման և տարբեր օժանդակ միջոցների շնորհիվ, այլ անհատների և հասարակության կողմից խելամիտ [[կենսակերպ]] ընտրելու ճանապարհով։ Համաձայն ԱՀԿ-ի, առողջության հիմնական որոշիչներն են՝ հասարակական և տնտեսական միջավայրը, ֆիզիկական միջավայրը, մարդու անհատական բնութագրերը և վարքի առանձնահատկությունները։<ref name="The determinants of health">ԱՀԿ [http://www.who.int/hia/evidence/doh/en/ ''Առողջության որոշիչները։''] Ժնև</ref>

Մասնավորապես հետևյալ առանցքային գործոններն են հայտնաբերվել, որոնք առավելապես պայմանավորում են մարդու առողջությունը․<ref name="The determinants of health"/><ref>Կանադայի հանրային առողջության գործակալություն։ [http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ph-sp/determinants/index-eng.php#evidence ''Ի՞նչն է պայմանավորում առողջությունը''] Օտտավա։</ref><ref name="Lalonde">Lalonde, Marc. [http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/alt_formats/hpb-dgps/pdf/pubs/1974-lalonde/lalonde_e.pdf "''Կանադայի բնակիչների առողջության նոր հեռանկարները''."] Օտտավա․ մատակարարման և ծառայությունների նախարարություն; 1974.</ref>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* Եկամուտը և սոցիալական կարգավիճակը
* Սոցիալական աջակցության համակարգերը
* [[Կրթություն]]ը և գրագիտությունը
* Զբաղվածության/աշխատանքային կարգավիճակը
* Սոցիալական միջավայրը
* Շրջակա միջավայրը
{{col-2}}
* Սեփական առողջությամբ զբաղվելը և հաղթահարելու հմտությունները (Personal health practices and coping skills)
* Երեխաների առողջ աճ և զարգացում
* Կենսաբանական և գենետիկ առանձնահատկությունները
* Առողջապահական համակարգը
* Սեռը
* Մշակույթը
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Տարբեր կազմակերպությունների կողմից կատարված զգալի թվով հետազոտություններ և զեկույցներ, օրինակ 1974 թվականին Կանադայի կողմից ներկայացված Լալոնդի զեկույցը,<ref name="Lalonde"/> the [[Alameda County Study]] in California;<ref name="Housman & Dorman 2005">{{cite journal|last1=Housman|first1=Jeff|last2=Dorman|first2=Steve|title=The Alameda County Study: A Systematic, Chronological Review|journal=American Journal of Health Education|year=2005|month=September/October|volume=36|issue=5|pages=302–308|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=EJ792845|accessdate=27 December 2011|publisher=American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance|location=Reston, VA|format=PDF|issn=1055-6699|id=ERIC document number EJ792845|ref=CITEREFHousmanDorman2005}}</ref> ուսումնասիրում են առողջության և տարբեր գործոնների (ապրելակերպ, շրջակա միջավայր, առողջապահական համակարգ, առողջապահական քաղաքականություն) միջև առկա կապը։
An increasing number of studies and reports from different organizations and contexts examine the linkages between health and different factors, including lifestyles, environments, [[health care system|health care organization]], and [[health policy]] - such as the 1974 [[Lalonde report]] from Canada;<ref name="Lalonde"/> the [[Alameda County Study]] in California;<ref name="Housman & Dorman 2005">{{cite journal|last1=Housman|first1=Jeff|last2=Dorman|first2=Steve|title=The Alameda County Study: A Systematic, Chronological Review|journal=American Journal of Health Education|year=2005|month=September/October|volume=36|issue=5|pages=302–308|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=EJ792845|accessdate=27 December 2011|publisher=American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance|location=Reston, VA|format=PDF|issn=1055-6699|id=ERIC document number EJ792845|ref=CITEREFHousmanDorman2005}}</ref> and the series of [[World Health Report]]s of the World Health Organization, which focuses on [[global health]] issues including access to health care and improving [[public health]] outcomes, especially in [[developing countries]].<ref>World Health Organization. [http://www.who.int/whr/en/ ''The world health report'']. Geneva.</ref>

The concept of the "''health field''", as distinct from [[medicine|medical care]], emerged from the Lalonde report from Canada. The report identified three interdependent fields as key determinants of an individual's health. These are:<ref name="Lalonde"/>
* Lifestyle: the aggregation of personal decisions (i.e., over which the individual has control) that can be said to contribute to, or cause, illness or death;
* Environmental: all matters related to health external to the [[human body]] and over which the individual has little or no control;
* Biomedical: all aspects of health, physical and mental, developed within the human body as influenced by genetic make-up.

Focusing more on lifestyle issues and their relationships with functional health, data from the Alameda County Study suggested that people can improve their health via [[exercise]], enough [[sleep]], maintaining a healthy [[body weight]], limiting [[alcohol]] use, and avoiding [[smoking]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Housman|Dorman|2005|pp=303–304}}. "The linear model supported previous findings, including regular exercise, limited alcohol consumption, abstinence from smoking, sleeping 7-8 hours a night, and maintenance of a healthy weight play an important role in promoting longevity and delaying illness and death." Citing {{cite pmid|7148802}}</ref> The ability to ''adapt'' and to ''self manage'' have been suggested as core components of human health.<ref>Huber M et al. [http://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d4163.full "How should we define health?"] ''BMJ'' 2011;343 {{doi|10.1136/bmj.d4163}} (Published 26 July 2011). Accessed 2 August 2011.</ref>

The environment is often cited as an important factor influencing the health status of individuals. This includes characteristics of the [[natural environment]], the [[built environment]], and the [[social environment]]. Factors such as clean [[water]] and [[air]], adequate [[house|housing]], and safe communities and [[road traffic safety|roads]] all have been found to contribute to good health, especially to the health of infants and children.<ref name="The determinants of health"/><ref>UNESCO. [http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/facts_figures/basic_needs.shtml ''The UN World Water Development Report: Facts and Figures - Meeting basic needs.''] Accessed 12 May 2011.</ref> Some studies have shown that a lack of neighborhood recreational spaces including natural environment leads to lower levels of personal satisfaction and higher levels of [[obesity]], linked to lower overall health and well being.<ref name="Fanny Price">Bjork J et al. [http://jech.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/62/4/e2 "Recreational Values of the Natural Environment in Relation to Neighborhood Satisfaction, Physical Activity, Obesity and Well being."] ''J Epidemiol Community Health'' 2008;62:e2</ref> This suggests that the positive health benefits of natural space in urban neighborhoods should be taken into account in [[public policy]] and land use.

[[Genetics]], or inherited traits from parents, also play a role in determining the health status of individuals and populations. This can encompass both the [[genetic predisposition|predisposition]] to certain diseases and health conditions, as well as the habits and behaviors individuals develop through the lifestyle of their [[families]]. For example, genetics may play a role in the manner in which people cope with [[Stress (biology)|stress]], either mental, emotional or physical. (One difficulty is the issue raised by the [[nature versus nurture|debate]] over the relative strengths of genetics and other factors; interactions between genetics and environment may be of particular importance.)

==Maintaining health==
Achieving and maintaining health is an ongoing process, shaped by both the evolution of [[health care]] knowledge and practices as well as personal strategies and organized interventions for staying healthy.

===Role of science in health===
{{Main|Health science|Health care}}
[[File:Nieuws uit Indonesië, het werk van de Nederlandse dienst voor Volksgezondheid Weeknummer 46-21 - Open Beelden - 16742.ogv|thumb|210px|The Dutch Public Health Service provides medical care for the natives of the [[Dutch East Indies]], May 1946]]
[[Health science]] is the branch of science focused on health. There are two main approaches to health science: the study and [[research]] of the [[body]] and health-related issues to understand how humans (and animals) function, and the application of that knowledge to improve health and to prevent and cure [[disease]]s and other physical and mental impairments. The science builds on many sub-fields, including [[biology]], [[biochemistry]], [[physics]], [[epidemiology]], [[pharmacology]], [[medical sociology]]. Applied health sciences endeavor to better understand and improve human health through applications in areas such as [[health education]], [[biomedical engineering]], [[biotechnology]] and [[public health]].

Organized interventions to improve health based on the principles and procedures developed through the health sciences are provided by practitioners trained in [[medicine]], [[nursing]], [[nutrition]], [[pharmacy]], [[social work]], [[psychology]], [[occupational therapy]], [[physical therapy]] and other [[health care provider|health care professions]]. Clinical practitioners focus mainly on the health of individuals, while public health practitioners consider the overall health of communities and populations. [[Workplace wellness]] programs are increasingly adopted by companies for their value in improving the health and well-being of their employees, as are [[school health services]] to improve the health and well-being of children.

===Role of public health===
{{Main|Public health}}
{{See also|Global health}}

[[File:NewZealand-Stamp-1933-Health.jpg|thumb|160px|right|Postage stamp, [[New Zealand]], 1933. Public health has been promoted - and depicted - in a wide variety of ways.]]
Public health has been described as "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals."<ref>C.-E. A. Winslow. 1920. "The Untilled Fields of Public Health," ''Science'', n.s. 51.</ref> It is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on [[population health]] analysis. The population in question can be as small as a handful of people or as large as all the inhabitants of several continents (for instance, in the case of a [[pandemic]]). Public health has many sub-fields, but typically includes the interdisciplinary categories of [[epidemiology]], [[biostatistics]] and [[health services]]. [[Environmental Health|Environmental health]], [[community health]], [[behavioral health]], and [[occupational health]] are also important areas of public health.

The focus of public health interventions is to prevent and manage diseases, injuries and other health conditions through surveillance of cases and the [[health promotion|promotion of healthy behavior]], [[healthy community design|communities]], and (in aspects relevant to human health) [[environmental protection|environments]]. Its aim is to prevent health problems from happening or re-occurring by implementing [[health education|educational programs]], developing [[health policy|policies]], administering services, and conducting [[research]].<ref>Association of Schools of Public Health. [http://www.whatispublichealth.org/about/index.html ''What is Public Health?''] Retrieved 2010-06-24</ref> In many cases, treating a disease or controlling a [[pathogen]] can be vital to preventing it in others, such as during an [[outbreak]]. [[Vaccination]] programs and distribution of [[condom]]s to prevent the spread of [[communicable disease]]s are examples of common preventive public health measures, as are educational campaigns to promote vaccination and the use of condoms (including overcoming resistance to such).

Public health also takes various actions to limit the health disparities between different areas of the [[country]] and, in some cases, the [[continent]] or [[world]]. One issue is the access of individuals and communities to health care in terms of financial, geographical or sociocultural constraints to accessing and using services.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} Applications of the public health system include the areas of [[maternal health|maternal]] and child health, health services administration, emergency response, and prevention and control of [[infectious disease|infectious]] and [[chronic disease]]s.

The great positive impact of public health programs is widely acknowledged. Due in part to the policies and actions developed through public health, the 20th century registered a decrease in the mortality rates for [[infants]] and [[child]]ren and a continual increase in [[life expectancy]] in most parts of the world. For example, it is estimated that life expectancy has increased for Americans by thirty years since 1900,<ref>Association of Schools of Public Health. [http://www.whatispublichealth.org/impact/index.html ''Impact of Public Health''.] Retrieved 2010-06-24.</ref> and worldwide by six years since 1990.<ref>World Health Organization. [http://www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_disease/life_tables/situation_trends_text/en/index.html ''Life expectancy at birth''], accessed 20 April 2011.</ref>

===Self-care strategies===
{{Main|Self care}}
{{See also|Chronic care management|Social relation|Stress management}}
<!--[[File:Nanogreens-2.gif|thumb|Example of [[nanogreens]] from health and hygiene.]] -->
[[File:Borch Lady washing hands.jpg|thumb|170px|A lady washing her hands c. 1655]]
Personal health depends partially on the active, passive, and assisted cues people observe and adopt about their own health. These include personal actions for preventing or minimizing the effects of a disease, usually a chronic condition, through [[disease management (health)|integrative care]]. They also include personal [[hygiene]] practices to prevent infection and illness, such as [[bathing]] and [[washing hands]] with soap; [[oral hygiene|brushing and flossing teeth]]; storing, preparing and handling [[food safety|food safely]]; and many others. The information gleaned from personal [[Observations of Daily Living|observations of daily living]] - such as about sleep patterns, exercise behavior, nutritional intake, and environmental features - may be used to inform personal decisions and actions (''e.g.'', "I feel tired in the morning so I am going to try sleeping on a different pillow"), as well as clinical decisions and treatment plans (''e.g.'', a patient who notices his or her shoes are tighter than usual may be having exacerbation of left-sided heart failure, and may require diuretic medication to reduce fluid overload).<ref name="e-primer3">Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. 2008. [http://www.projecthealthdesign.org/media/file/E-primer_3.pdf ''Health in Everyday Living''.]</ref>

Personal health also depends partially on the social structure of a person's life. The maintenance of strong [[social relation]]ships, [[volunteering]], and other social activities have been linked to positive mental health and even increased longevity. One American study among [[old age|seniors]] over age 70 found that frequent volunteering was associated with reduced risk of dying compared with older persons who did not volunteer, regardless of physical health status.<ref>Harris AHS, Thoresen CE. [http://www.chce.research.va.gov/docs/pdfs/pi_publications/Harris/2005_Harris_Thoresen_JHS.pdf "Volunteering is Associated with Delayed Mortality in Older People: Analysis of the Longitudinal Study of Aging."] ''Journal of Health Psychology'', 2005; 10(6): 739–752.</ref> Another study from Singapore reported that volunteering retirees had significantly better [[cognition|cognitive performance]] scores, fewer [[mood disorder|depressive symptoms]], and better mental well-being and life satisfaction than non-volunteering retirees.<ref>Schwingel A et al. [http://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/content/38/5/531.full?sid=0e08a961-ed89-4d70-b6c0-87d555c2ca77 "Continued work employment and volunteerism and mental well-being of older adults: Singapore longitudinal ageing studies."] ''Age and Ageing'', 2009; 38(5): 531-537.</ref>

Prolonged [[psychological stress]] may negatively impact health, and has been cited as a factor in [[cognitive impairment]] with aging, depressive illness, and expression of disease.<ref>{{cite journal|author=McEwen BS|title=Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain|journal=Dialogues Clin Neurosci|volume=8|issue=4|pages=367–81|year=2006|pmid=17290796|pmc=3181832}}</ref> [[Stress management]] is the application of methods to either reduce stress or increase tolerance to stress. [[Relaxation technique]]s are physical methods used to relieve stress. Psychological methods include [[cognitive therapy]], [[meditation]], and [[positive thinking]], which work by reducing response to stress. Improving relevant skills, such as [[problem solving]] and [[time management]] skills, reduces uncertainty and builds confidence, which also reduces the reaction to stress-causing situations where those skills are applicable.

==See also==
{{Portal|Health and fitness}}
{{Wikipedia books}}
* [[Global burden of disease]]
* [[Health care]]
* [[Health care provider]]s
* [[Health education]]
* [[Health policy]]
* [[Health systems]]
* [[Health workforce]]
* [[Primary health care]]
* [[History of medicine]]
* [[Nutrition]]
* [[One Health]]
* [[Vaccine controversy]]

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary}} {{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.who.int World Health Organization]
* [http://www.nhs.uk UK National Health Service]
* [http://www.hon.ch Health On the Net Foundation]
* [http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=HEALTH OECD Health Statistics]
* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/health.htm Health and Medical Information] from the University of Colorado
* [http://ec.europa.eu/health-eu/ Health-EU Portal], public health portal of the European Union

[[Category:Health|Health]]
[[Category:Personal life]]
[[Category:Health promotion]]

[[af:Gesondheid]]
[[am:ትምህርተ፡ጤና]]
[[ar:صحة]]
[[an:Salut]]
[[bm:Kɛnɛya]]
[[bn:স্বাস্থ্য]]
[[be:Здароўе]]
[[be-x-old:Здароўе]]
[[bg:Здраве]]
[[bs:Zdravlje]]
[[br:Yec'hed]]
[[ca:Salut]]
[[cv:Сывлăх]]
[[ceb:Panglawas]]
[[cs:Zdraví]]
[[sn:Hutano]]
[[co:Salute]]
[[cy:Iechyd]]
[[da:Sundhed]]
[[de:Gesundheit]]
[[et:Tervis]]
[[el:Υγεία]]
[[es:Salud]]
[[eo:Sano]]
[[eu:Osasun]]
[[fa:تندرستی]]
[[fr:Santé]]
[[fur:Sanitât]]
[[gd:Slàinte]]
[[gl:Saúde]]
[[hak:Khien-không]]
[[ko:건강]]
[[hy:Առողջություն]]
[[hi:स्वास्थ्य]]
[[hr:Zdravlje]]
[[io:Saneso]]
[[bpy:সাউডে]]
[[id:Kesehatan]]
[[ia:Sanitate]]
[[is:Heilsa]]
[[it:Salute]]
[[he:בריאות]]
[[jv:Kaséhatan]]
[[kl:Peqqinneq]]
[[kn:ಆರೋಗ್ಯ]]
[[ka:ჯანმრთელობა]]
[[kk:Денсаулық]]
[[ht:Lasante]]
[[la:Salus]]
[[lv:Veselība]]
[[lt:Sveikata]]
[[li:Gezóndheid]]
[[hu:Egészség]]
[[mk:Здравје]]
[[ml:ആരോഗ്യം]]
[[mr:आरोग्य]]
[[ms:Kesihatan]]
[[mwl:Salude]]
[[nl:Gezondheid]]
[[new:उसाँय्‌]]
[[ja:健康]]
[[no:Helse]]
[[nn:Helse]]
[[oc:Santat]]
[[pfl:Xundheit]]
[[pnb:صحت]]
[[ps:روغتيا]]
[[km:សុខភាព]]
[[pl:Zdrowie]]
[[pt:Saúde]]
[[ro:Sănătate]]
[[qu:Qhali kay]]
[[rue:Здоровя]]
[[ru:Здоровье]]
[[sco:Heal]]
[[sq:Shëndeti]]
[[scn:Saluti]]
[[si:සෞඛ්‍යය]]
[[simple:Health]]
[[sk:Zdravie]]
[[sl:Zdravje]]
[[sr:Здравље]]
[[sh:Zdravlje]]
[[su:Kaséhatan]]
[[fi:Terveys]]
[[sv:Hälsa]]
[[tl:Kalusugan]]
[[ta:நலம்]]
[[tt:Сәламәтлек]]
[[th:สุขภาพ]]
[[tr:Sağlık]]
[[uk:Здоров'я]]
[[ur:صحت]]
[[vi:Sức khỏe]]
[[fiu-vro:Tervüs]]
[[war:Kalibsugán]]
[[yi:געזונט]]
[[zh-yue:健康]]
[[zea:Gezondeid]]
[[zh:健康]]